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高中英语解说论文:容身英语课本,挖掘写作素材
摘要:为了顺应《通俗高中英语课程尺度》(执行)对英语写作解说的根底要求,本文强调了以课本为中央进行英语写作演习的主要性,并就课文缩写、仿写、改写、续写、评写等方式进行了深切地切磋,旨在试探出一条适合高中学生外交需乞降认知成长水平的英语写作解说新模式。
要害词:英语课本、缩写、仿写、改写、续写、评写 写作解说是高中英语解说的主要组成部门。凭据《通俗高中英语课程尺度》(执行)(以下简称《课标》)对写作妙技目的的要求,在根柢根底教育竣事时学生须“能凭据所读文章进行转述或写摘要;能凭据用文字及图表供给的信息写短文或申报;能写出语意连贯且结构完整的短文,论说工作或表达概念和立场;能在写作中做到体裁范例、语句通顺。” 该目的要肄业生从简单的措辞输出上升到用措辞做具体的工作、表达自己的脑子。近年来的高考作文也很属意考查学生的措辞综合运用手法。笔者感受,实现这一目的要不凡属意在解说过程中提高学生用英语进行脑子和表达的手法。课本是学生首先干戈到的最首要的课程成本,为学生供给了年夜量鲜活的措辞。课文题材普遍,体裁多样,难易水平适中,适合学生做缩写、仿写、改写、续写以及写指摘、读后感等演习。这些演习既能使学生平稳已学的课本常识,加深对课文的年夜白,又有助于提高他们用英语进行脑子和表达的手法。《课标》要求,“教师要擅长连系解说现实的需要,天真地和有缔造性地行使课本。”刘道义师长教师在给教师学员作SEFC率领讲座时,也强调了以课本为中央演习学生的英语写作手法的主要性。事实证实,这种以课本为底本的写作解说模式能收到事半功倍的效果,笔者拟从以下几个方面离别加以阐述。 一、缩写——用缩影的形式把握课文 缩写是在保留原体裁裁、题材、首要内容、结构挨次、人称角度等的前提下归纳综合原文内容、压缩篇幅使之成为一篇内容简明、措辞精练、中央凸起的短文。缩写时必然要正确完整地把握原文,有关主题的主干切弗成尽情删减,也弗成肆意摘取其中部门要点了事。如下面一篇Milu Deer Return to China的缩写: Long long ago Milu deer was a usual animal in China. Some of them had been sent to other countries, such as England. In China, people killed them, and milu deer disappeared during the Ming, Qing periods. They were kept in the great park. The number of them increased very fast. 这篇缩写看上去很“精辟”,但作者轻忽了短文的问题Milu Deer Return to China这其中央和重点,它丢失落了Milu deer回归中国;中国为了急救曾经在中国异常通俗后来又消逝了的Milu deer而做出的伟年夜起劲;在中国的几个Milu deer中央,Milu deer受到了很好地研究和珍爱,它们的数目才络续增添这些事实。 以下是常用的几种缩写方式: 1.对于叙事记人的文章,宜以情节某人物性格为主线,经过过程列出主要情节或性格特点概述全文。例如,The Rescue (SEFC 1A Unit 4)一文以时刻挨次睁开几分钟内的突发事宜,我们可用透露表现时刻脉络的副词,如First; Next; Then; Finally来概述全文。 First, Flora saw Jeff running and waving his arms. She turned around and saw a wall of water advancing toward her quickly. Next, the water swept Jeff and Flora down and they are struggling for their lives. Then they tried to get to the house and climbed the stairs to be safe from water. Finally, part of the house fell down but they were safe next to the chimney. 2.对于科普短文、声名文或说理文章,经过过程列出段落主题句(topic sentence)可迅速捕捉文章的首要论点,筹算文章的框架结构。如The Properties of Water (SEFC 2B Unit 13)一文, 每段的主题句归纳如下: Para. 1: general idea Para. 2: chemical structure of water (two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom) Para. 3: salinity of water (about 3.5%) Para. 4: density of water (1000kg/m3) Para. 5: heat capacity of water (relatively high) Para. 6: ocean motion Para. 7: significance of water to nature 在此根柢根底上,只要适合地运用一些联系关系词,添加一些撑持句即可写出一篇很好的课文撮要。 缩写有利于培育种植提拔学生剖析、归纳综合的逻辑脑子手法及提炼措辞的手法,它是改写、续写的根柢根底,是仿写的前提。 二、仿写——用近似的情境模拟课文 英国著名作家斯蒂文森谈进修写作的履历时说过,进修写作除多练以外,还要多模拟。仿写既能反馈出学生对课文的体裁及主要句型的把握水平,又能促进学生对课文所用措辞材料的系统把握,取得触类旁通的效果。那么,要肄业生模拟什么呢? 1.仿写课文思绪 仿写最主要的是模拟思绪。好比,记叙文要有贯串全文的线索,以使事宜或故事发生、成长的脉络清晰;描摹文要有合理的逻辑挨次,其睁开的挨次要相符熟悉纪律,反映由具体到抽象、由浅到深的脑子过程;声名文要选择合适的角度,按照必然的时刻或空间挨次来声名事物。只有把握了各类体裁的写作思绪,学生在写作时才气做到思绪清晰,条理年夜白。 2.仿写课文结构 高中英语写作的体裁首若是记叙文、阐述文等,在仿写时,要注重进修其结构特点。如记叙文,多接纳三段式的谋篇结构形式,并接纳顺叙的方式。第一段交卸时刻、所在和人物,第二段交卸事宜发生的过程,第三段论说事宜的效果。阐述文也多接纳三段式:第一段摆出论题,第二段列出正方概念,第三段列出反方概念。也可接纳四段式:第一段摆出论题,第二段列出正方概念,第三段列出反方概念,第四段展示作者自己的概念。认识了这些体裁结构之后,学生才有概略写出结构紧凑的文章来。 3.仿写课文句式 课文中常泛起许多风尚表达体式格局和一些出格句式,还有一些适合某些特定情景形象、场所的常用句子,教师要向学生多强调、示范。不凡是一些常用于文章开首、结尾和中央起承接浸染的习用语,要让学生多演习,并能运用到写作中去。(杨利娴 2003) 例如,在New Zealand (SEFC 1B Unit 18)课文解说中,首先指导学生剖析课文是若何环抱中央选择和机关素材的,让学生把握对地舆位置的描摹,对天气、情况、成本、历史以及人丁、习惯风尚的描摹,使学生学会对有关国家、城市、旅游景点的写作方式。然后以Taiwan Island, China, Our City等为题让学生模拟课文的写作方式进行写作演习。 总之,课本中泛起的各类体裁都可用来指导学生仿写,但“写作义务、话题、措辞结构、体裁等要求应与高中学生认知手法成长、生涯体验和措辞手法相顺应”(《课标》)。 三、改写——用全新的样式诠释课文 改写是一种普遍接纳的措辞解说策略,《课标》也要求能凭据课文改编短剧或凭据所读文章进行转述。改写是在连结原文主体内容不变的根柢根底上,改变文章的体裁、人称、措辞、结构等方面。尤其是,对短文与对话彼此改写时要注重措辞、时态、时刻表达等方面的改变。 例如,在进修了The Necklace (SEFC 1B Unit 15)一文后,要肄业生从剧中分歧人物的角度,按照故事发生的挨次将这出小短剧改写为一篇论说体裁的短文。 又如,可让学生将At the Tailor's shop (SEFC 2A Unit 10)一文改写成短剧。当然,还可指导学生以分歧的人称角度去改写。如: 1. Tell the story to your partner in the past tense. Start like this: A man went into a tailor's shop to buy a suit. All the money he had in his pocket was a million-pound note... 2. Rewrite the story At the Tailor's Shop, as told by Tod, the shop assistant. Start like this: One Monday morning I was working in the shop as usual... 课本中可改写的处所许多,或集体或局部,这些都需要教师静心研究,细心挖掘。经过过程对课文的改写,不只加深了学生对课文的年夜白,也培育种植提拔了学生的逻辑脑子手法和措辞机关手法。 四、续写——用缔造的想象引申课文 《课标》指出:“课堂解说运动的贪图应有利于施展学生的缔造力和想象力。”续写就是用缔造性的脑子雄厚课文,即对课文内容做适合的增补和完美,给原本没有终局的故事加上一个合理的,或出乎意料的终局。如The Necklace(SEFC 1B Unit 15)一文,当Mathilde得知为之辛勤十年的项链竟是假的,故事的终局会怎么样?要肄业生续写短剧。同学们想象的终局所在多有,很有创意,如: 1. She killed herself. 2. She bought a glass necklace and changed it for her real diamond necklace. 3. She divorced her husband and married a man with a lot of money. 4. She began to make a living by making false necklaces and cheating others of a lot of money. 5. She got a lot of money from her kind friend and lived a happy life. 在口头表达的根柢根底上,同学们续写出了不少出色的片段。 当然,还可从其他角度指导学生续写本剧,如:Choose one situation to re-write a scene the other way round. 1. If Mathilde had not borrowed the necklace from Jeanne, ... 2. If Mathilde had not lost her necklace at the ball, ... 3. If Jeanne had told Mathilde that the necklace was made of glass, ... 4. If Mathilde had just agreed to wear a flower at the ball, ... 5. If Mathilde's husband had been wealthy, ... 续写是学生综合手法的显示,能加深学生对课文的年夜白,使学生尝到创作的快乐喜爱。 五、评写——用理性的脑子演绎课文 评写是就所学课文或阅读材料进行指摘。经过过程剖析原文中的内容和概念,提出自己的概念。指摘可所以周全的,也可以着眼于一点;可所以赞许原文的概念,也可以提出异议。 高中英语课本中有许多与现实生涯切近的话题,可让学生就这些话题阐述自己的概念。例如,在进修了Animal Experiments (SEFC 1B Unit 16)之后,让学生以Should animal testing be OK? 为题作文,有学生写道:I think animal testing is a good idea and it is OK. So scientists should continue testing on animals which are not rare animals. It can help human beings to fight against diseases. 在进修了Great Women (SEFC 1B Unit 17)这一单元后,让学生以My View on Women为题作文。同学们畅所欲言,写出了不少有概念的文章来。 此外,对于课本中的文学作品,可让学生写读后感某人物形象剖析等。例如,在读了A Christmas Carol (SEFC 3 Unit 7)之后,一个学生写道:I think it is a really moving story. I learnt that happiness and friendship are more important than money in the world. I will be a kind and warm-hearted man. 又如,在读了A Tale of Two Cities (SEFC 3 Unit 7)之后,指导学生写读后感:Which of the characters do you like most? Why? S1. In my opinion, Sydney Carton is the real hero of the story. His love for Lucie knows no bounds. What he did for Lucie was unforgettable, tearful and bittersweet. For love, he sacrificed everything, even life! This makes him one of the strongest characters in the story, especially because his act is so unselfish. S2. Who I like most in the story is Dr. Manette. He is honest and kind but suffers the persecution actually. When Charles was put into prison, he visited Charles but became mad again after returning. The prison was the nightmare for him, but for his daughter, he suffered from it again. 在读了The Merchant of Venice(SEFC 2B Unit 19)之后,要肄业生剖析剧中首要人物形象。许多学生揭橥了各自独到的概念,如:Shylock is cruel, greedy, selfish, cold-blooded, but he suffers the loss of his daughter, his property, and, very importantly for him, his religion. So, we should have mercy on him. 评写这种“一半依材,一半施展”的半自由习作体式格局有利于成长学生的褒贬性脑子手法和立异精神。评写既承接了短文的缩写、仿写和改写阶段,又为后期写作阶段打下了根柢根底。 竣事语 总之,环抱课本进行的写作运动形式多样,内容雄厚。实践证实,这是一条成长学生的脑子手法和立异精神、加深学生对课文的年夜白、演习学生的常识迁移手法、安分守纪地提高学生的综合措辞运用手法的好路子。英语课本中的写作素材无处不在,只要教师静心挖掘,学生当真完成,就必然会有所收益。处处留心皆学问,而我们同样可以说:在英语写作解说中,处处属意皆素材。 参考文献: [1] 教育部. 通俗高中英语课程尺度(执行)[M]. 人平易近教育出书社,2003. [2] 教育部. 全日制通俗高级中学英语解说纲目(试验修订版)[M]. 人平易近教育出书社,2000. [3] 李庭芗. 英语解说法[M]. 高档教育出书社,1983. [4] 杨利娴. 仿写── 中学英语写作演习的主要方式[J]. 中小学英语解说与研究,2003,(9).
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